In the following interview, Head of the Mongolian Psychological Association and psychologist Sh.Batsukh delved into the science of happiness and the field of positive psychology, exploring key insights and the latest developments in this important area of psychological research.
People often discuss happiness, but what exactly is it? Is it something that is expressed and experienced differently by each individual, or is there a universal way to measure it?
Recently, the concept of happiness has garnered significant attention across various fields, including psychology and economics. To truly understand what happiness is, it is essential to consider a few fundamental concepts. Happiness is generally defined from two distinct perspectives. First, there is hedonic happiness, which is primarily measured by feelings of enjoyment, comfort and overall life satisfaction. This type of happiness is derived from pleasurable experiences, such as engaging in activities you love, relaxing, or spending quality time with loved ones. Second, we have eudaimonic happiness, also referred to as deep or meaningful happiness. This form of happiness is not about temporary feelings or fleeting pleasure. It is characterized by a profound sense of satisfaction that comes from living a purposeful and meaningful life, making use of one’s opportunities and abilities to contribute to a greater sense of fulfillment. Eudaimonic happiness transcends momentary emotions and reflects a deep sense of meaning and purpose.
It is important to note that happiness is subjective and differs from person to person. It depends on individual traits, the environment in which one was raised, social conditions, and the influence of friendships. However, the extent to which a person feels happy in the present moment often hinges on their satisfaction with the past and the level of confidence they have in their future. In recent years, happiness tests have gained popularity worldwide. For example, American psychologist Martin Seligman, a leading figure in positive psychology, developed a simple yet effective test to measure an individual’s overall life satisfaction.
What is the science of happiness, and how does it explore the factors that contribute to human well-being, fulfillment and a meaningful life?
The science of happiness, or positive psychology, is a rapidly growing branch of psychology that has evolved significantly over the past 30 years. This field explores not only the internal feelings of individuals but also the broader factors that contribute to social well-being, using rigorous scientific methods. Researchers in positive psychology employ empirical studies, brain and mental measurements, and long-term controlled experiments to answer key questions such as: What makes a person happy? What factors most influence happiness? What techniques can be used to increase happiness? And, importantly, what is the significance of happiness for both individuals and society?
In Mongolia, the study of happiness and well-being has gained traction in recent years, particularly within the contexts of psychology, education and social work. Universities and research institutions have started to incorporate concepts of positive psychology, quality of life, and satisfaction into their academic programs, with graduate theses and research emerging in these areas. One notable example is the work of Director of the School of Humanities at Otgontenger University, Dr. B.Enkhbayar, who recently published a major study titled “Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness”. Moreover, the National Statistics Office has begun conducting surveys that include indicators related to quality of life and satisfaction, reflecting the growing national interest in these topics. At the policy level, initiatives like “Happy City” and “Happy School” have gained attention and should be further supported, as they play a key role in fostering well-being and happiness in communities across the country.
Our country ranks 77th out of 143 countries on the Happiness Index. The “level” of happiness in a country is assessed and ranked based on six main indicators. How do these indicators differ from one another, and what specific factors do they measure in relation to happiness?
The World Happiness Report ranks countries based on six key indicators that reflect overall well-being and quality of life. These include gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which measures economic development and income levels; social support, which reflects the ability of individuals to rely on friends and family in times of need; and healthy life expectancy, which indicates the standard of healthcare and overall longevity. Also considered are freedom to make life choices, or the extent to which individuals feel they have autonomy in important life decisions; generosity, measured by the tendency to donate to others and engage in volunteer activities; and perceptions of corruption, which capture how corruption is viewed both within society and at the government level.
Although the overall happiness score for our country is known, the specific scores for each individual indicator are not publicly available. As a result, it is not possible to determine which factor contributed most positively or negatively to the country’s ranking. However, some key indicators provide important context. The difference in life expectancy between men and women is 9.7 years, highlighting a significant gender disparity in health outcomes. Additionally, perceptions of corruption remain high and show no signs of improvement. In the most recent global ranking, the country placed 114th out of 180 nations, indicating a continued challenge in governance and public trust.
Mongolia faces significant challenges, including high levels of air and environmental pollution, traffic congestion, stress, corruption, bribery, a widening wealth gap and widespread issues like poverty and alcoholism. In such a context, the definition of a “happy citizen” may seem distant and difficult to achieve. How can happiness be understood and pursued in a society grappling with these complex and systemic issues?
It is true that many people in Mongolia perceive the concept of happiness as abstract and disconnected from their daily reality. Challenges such as poverty, air pollution, traffic congestion, chronic stress, widespread corruption, and the growing gap between rich and poor all have a direct and tangible impact on people’s quality of life and overall life satisfaction. These are not merely subjective impressions, within the science of happiness, “objective conditions”, or the actual state of one’s environment and society, are recognized as significant determinants of well-being. In the current context, the idea of “living well” can feel out of reach for many. When government support through effective policies is lacking, when citizens’ voices are not heard or engaged in meaningful participation, and when there is an absence of mutual trust and understanding in society, the pursuit of happiness risks being reduced to a quiet sense of gratitude for simply getting by. Nevertheless, even in the face of such adversity, there are countless examples - both globally and at the individual level - that show happiness is not unattainable. Strong family bonds, genuine friendships, a sense of purpose, social responsibility and active civic participation can serve as powerful foundations for well-being.
Have studies shown that age and gender influence happiness levels? Specifically, does happiness vary across different age groups, and do men and women experience happiness differently?
This is indeed a fascinating topic. Research both internationally and within Mongolia shows that the experience of happiness is influenced by factors such as age and gender. According to the World Happiness Report, happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve over the course of life. It is typically higher among individuals aged 18 to 30, who are often optimistic, energetic and confident about the future. However, happiness levels tend to decline between the ages of 35 and 50, a period often marked by increased responsibilities related to career, family, and finances. During these years, stress levels can rise significantly as individuals balance multiple roles and face growing pressures.
Interestingly, happiness levels tend to rise again after the age of 55. With age often comes greater life experience, a sense of perspective and reduced social and professional pressure. Older individuals may also benefit from lower expectations and more emotional stability, which contribute to higher levels of well-being.
Gender also plays a role in how happiness is experienced and expressed. Studies have shown that women tend to feel both positive and negative emotions more intensely. They are more emotionally expressive and responsive to life events. In contrast, men are more likely to internalize their emotions and express them less openly. Despite these emotional fluctuations, women often report slightly higher levels of life satisfaction overall. In Mongolia, similar patterns have been observed. Young people tend to be more optimistic and hopeful about the future, while middle-aged individuals, particularly those facing unemployment or family instability, report higher stress levels and lower life satisfaction. Women, while experiencing greater emotional variability, often display higher overall satisfaction, reflecting a complex interplay between emotional depth and resilience.
Is positive psychology the opposite of happiness, or is it closely related? Can cultivating a positive mindset and engaging in positive psychological practices actually lead to greater happiness?
Happiness and positive psychology are closely interconnected, but they are not identical concepts. Rather, they complement and reinforce one another. Happiness can be understood as a psychological state, which is an internal feeling that reflects how satisfied and content an individual is with their life. It encompasses both emotional well-being and a sense of fulfillment.
Positive psychology, in contrast, is the scientific discipline that studies the factors that contribute to human flourishing. It focuses not just on treating mental illness, but on understanding and promoting the strengths and qualities that enable individuals and communities to thrive. While having a positive outlook or practicing elements of positive psychology doesn't automatically guarantee happiness, research consistently shows that cultivating positive psychological traits and habits can significantly enhance one’s overall sense of well-being. For instance, nurturing emotions such as gratitude, forgiveness, and joy; practicing virtues like patience, courage, hope and sincerity; living with a sense of meaning and purpose; and investing in strong, supportive relationships are all associated with higher levels of happiness. These practices form the foundation of a life that not only feels good in the moment but is also rich with lasting fulfillment.
Many believe that thoughts can shape reality. So, does constantly thinking positively protect you from all the bad in life? On the other hand, could this mindset become too self-indulgent, potentially hindering your ability to acknowledge and express negative emotions?
Positive psychology is widely believed to have evolved through three distinct phases, each contributing to the field’s growth and depth over time. The first phase, spanning from 1998 to 2010, marked the foundation of the discipline. During this period, researchers focused on establishing the core principles of positive psychology, studying happiness, strengths and well-being as legitimate scientific subjects. The second phase, from 2010 to 2020, saw the field expand and become more critically engaged. Scholars began to question the limitations of a purely individual-focused approach, recognizing that well-being is influenced not only by personal attitudes but also by social, cultural and structural factors. The third and current phase, from 2020 onward, reflects a significant shift in focus. Positive psychology has increasingly turned its attention to collective and societal well-being, examining how policy, culture and systems impact happiness and resilience. Rather than focusing solely on individual growth, this stage emphasizes broader social concerns such as inequality, trauma recovery and community flourishing.
Early in its development, positive psychology strongly encouraged positive thinking and maintaining a constructive mindset. While these approaches can be beneficial, research eventually revealed that positivity alone is not a cure-all. In fact, excessive focus on positivity, without acknowledging negative emotions or life’s complexities, can lead to what is now termed toxic positivity, which is the pressure to appear happy or optimistic even when experiencing pain or distress. Statements like “Don’t be sad, be happy” may unintentionally invalidate real emotional struggles.
Research has shown that adversity can contribute to psychological growth. This understanding gave rise to the concept of post-traumatic growth, a term introduced in 1995. It refers to the personal development and increased emotional depth that often follow a major life crisis. People who endure and process deep emotional challenges may emerge more compassionate, tolerant and insightful. Since 2010, greater attention has also been given to post-traumatic stress, particularly in response to large-scale tragedies such as the September 11 attacks in the USA, the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies of these events have revealed that, while trauma can lead to long-term psychological effects, it can also strengthen community bonds, increase acts of solidarity and volunteerism and foster a renewed sense of purpose.
As the saying goes, “As you see, so you see” - a reminder that perception influences reality. However, this perspective must be applied with balance. While positive thinking is helpful, it should not suppress genuine emotions or discourage people from confronting their struggles. Thought patterns influence behavior, and psychological research consistently shows that how individuals interpret their experiences affects their decisions, emotions, and actions. A person who believes “I am a failure” tends to focus on their shortcomings and may engage in self-criticism, whereas someone who thinks “I should try” is more likely to show resilience and persistence.
A pleasant living environment undoubtedly has a positive effect on mental well-being. However, in the capital, residents often spend two to three hours a day stuck in traffic jams. In this context, doesn’t it seem crucial to address social issues like congestion and improve urban infrastructure in order to create a happier and healthier environment for citizens?
The human living environment, urban planning and the pace of daily movement are not merely logistical concerns - they are deeply intertwined with psychological well-being and overall happiness. In recent years, findings from positive psychology have increasingly been applied to various aspects of public life, including decision-making processes, urban planning, architecture and infrastructure development. Take, for instance, the effects of traffic congestion. Long hours spent in traffic not only lead to physical fatigue but also contribute to heightened levels of stress, impatience and irritability. This daily strain can negatively impact productivity, interpersonal relationships and overall life satisfaction. Research has shown that individuals who spend more than an hour stuck in traffic experience a 20 to 40 percent increase in symptoms related to depression, loneliness and anxiety.
Countries that consistently rank high on global happiness indices, such as Finland, Denmark, Sweden and Japan, have addressed these challenges by prioritizing the creation of environments that support well-being. They have invested in green public spaces, expanded pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure and promoted flexible work policies. These countries recognize that a city should be built not just for functionality but for the comfort and mental health of its citizens. In the context of Ulaanbaatar, one of the most pressing issues is the need for a reliable, efficient and accessible public transportation system. Reducing dependency on personal vehicles requires a multi-faceted approach: improving smart public transportation applications, optimizing timetables and real-time tracking systems, and ensuring user-friendly interfaces that encourage adoption. Additionally, policy support for flexible working hours and staggered school and office start times can help reduce peak-hour congestion.
It is often said that “a healthy mind is a healthy body”, yet mental health has become a growing concern in our country. What steps can be taken to address this issue and improve mental well-being?
Research clearly indicates that the state of mental health in the country has reached an alarming level. A study conducted in 2013 revealed that one in four people in the country experience some form of mental health issue. Among adults aged 18 to 64, one in five suffers from an anxiety disorder, while one in sixteen lives with a depressive disorder. More recently, data from 2022 show an even more troubling trend among youth: one in five individuals aged 20 to 24 and one in four aged between 15 and 19 died by suicide.
According to the World Health Organization, Mongolia ranks first in Asia in terms of suicide rates. Experts point to family conflict as one of the leading causes of suicide. Early intervention is key, beginning with the environments in which children are raised, including kindergartens and schools. Improving access to mental health services is essential. This includes increasing the number and availability of psychological counseling centers, especially for adults, and providing financial and policy support to sustain their operations. Public education around mental health must also be enhanced to reduce stigma, increase awareness and encourage individuals to seek help when needed.
There is a critical need to talk openly and responsibly about mental health, to provide safe and accessible avenues for support, and to increase the number of trained mental health professionals. Regular professional development, international collaboration and the adaptation of global best practices can strengthen the capacity of mental health services in Mongolia. The Mongolian Psychological Association is already taking steps in this direction. In addition to offering training and conducting research, the association is working to build the professional capacity of psychologists, reform the undergraduate psychology curriculum, and place specialized psychologists in secondary schools.
